STATE OF CALIFORNIA
Pete Wilson, Governor

GOVERNOR'S OFFICE OF PLANNING AND RESEARCH
1400 Tenth Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 445-0613

Lee Grissom, Director, Office of Planning and Research
Robert Cervantes, Chief, Planning Unit
Antero Rivasplata, Chief, State Clearinghouse


March 1988, Revised August 1990

Table of Contents

Introduction

State Law and Local Planning

The General Plan

Zoning

Subdivisions

Other Ordinances and Regulations

Annexation and Incorporation

The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)

Glossary

Bibliography

Introduction

This is a citizen's guide to land use planning as it is practiced in California. Its purpose is to explain, in general terms, how local communities regulate land use and to define some commonly used planning terms. The booklet covers the following topics: Cities and counties "plan" in order to identify important community issues (such as new growth, housing needs, and environmental protection), project future demand for services (such as sewer, water, roads, etc.), anticipate potential problems (such as overloaded sewer facilities or crowded roads), and establish goals and policies for directing and managing growth. Local governments use a variety of tools in the planning process including the general plan, specific plans, zoning, and the subdivision ordinance.

The examples to be discussed here represent common procedures or methods, but are by no means the only way of doing things. State law establishes a framework for local planning procedures, but cities and counties adopt their own unique responses to the issues they face. The reader is encouraged to consult the bibliography for more information on planning in general and to contact your local planning department for information on planning in your community.

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STATE LAW AND LOCAL PLANNING


State law is the foundation for local planning in California. The California Government Code (Sections 65000 et seq.) contains many of the laws pertaining to the regulation of land uses by local governments including: the general plan requirement, specific plans, subdivisions, and zoning.

However, the State is seldom involved in local land use and development decisions; these have been delegated to the city councils and boards of supervisors of the individual cities and counties. Local decisionmakers have adopted their own sets of land use policies and regulations based upon the state laws.

Plan and Ordinances

There are currently 456 incorporated cities and 58 counties in California. State law requires that each of these jurisdictions adopt "a comprehensive, long-term general plan for [its] physical development." This general plan is the official city or county policy regarding the location of housing, business, industry, roads, parks, and other land uses, protection of the public from noise and other environmental hazards, and for the conservation of natural resources. The legislative body of each city (the city council) and each county (the board of supervisors) adopts zoning, subdivision and other ordinances to regulate land uses and to carry out the policies of its general plan.

There is no requirement that adjoining cities or cities and counties have identical, or even similar, plans and ordinances. Cities and counties are distinct and independent political units. Each city, through its council and each county, through its supervisors, adopts its own general plan and development regulations. In turn, each of these governments is responsible for the planning decisions made within its jurisdiction.

Hearing Bodies

In most communities, the city council or board of supervisors has appointed one or more hearing bodies to assist them with planning matters. The titles and responsibilities of these groups vary from place-to-place, so check with your local planning department regarding regulations in your area. Here are some of the more common types of hearing bodies and their usual responsibilities: In some cities and counties, these bodies simply advise the legislative body on the proposals that come before them, leaving actual approval to the council or board of supervisors. More commonly, these bodies have the power to approve proposals, subject to appeal to the council or board of supervisors. These hearing bodies, however, do not have final say on matters of policy such as zone changes and general or specific plan amendments.

Hearings

State law requires that local governments hold public hearings prior to most planning actions. At the hearing, the council or supervisors or advisory commission will explain the proposal, consider it in light of local regulations and environmental effects, and listen to testimony from interested parties. The council, board, or commission will vote on the proposal at the conclusion of the hearing.

Depending upon each jurisdiction's local ordinance, public hearings are not always required for minor land subdivisions, architectural or design review or ordinance interpretations. The method of advertising hearings may vary. Counties and general law cities publish notice of general plan adoption and amendment in the newspaper. Notice of zone change, conditional use permit, variance, and subdivision tracts is published in the newpaper and mailed to nearby property owners. Charter cities may have other notification procedures.

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THE GENERAL PLAN

The Blueprint

The local general plan can be described as the city's or county's "blueprint" for future development. It represents the community's view of its future; a constitution made up of the goals and policies upon which the city council, board of supervisors, or planning commission will base their land use decisions. To illustrate its importance, all subdivisions, public works projects, and zoning decisions (except in charter cities other than Los Angeles) must be consistent with the general plan. If inconsistent, they must not be approved.

Long-Range Emphasis

The general plan is not the same as zoning. Although both designate how land may be developed, they do so in different ways. The general plan and its diagrams have a long-term outlook, identifying the types of development that will be allowed, the spatial relationships among land uses, and the general pattern of future development. Zoning regulates present development through specific standards such as lot size, building setback, and a list of allowable uses. In counties and general law cities, the land uses shown on the general plan diagrams will usually be reflected in the local zoning maps as well. Development must not only meet the specific requirements of the zoning ordinance, but also the broader policies set forth in the local general plan.

Contents

State law requires that each city and each county adopt a general plan containing the following seven components or "elements": land use, circulation, housing, conservation, open-space, noise, and safety (Government Code Sections 65300 et seq.). At the same time, each jurisdiction is free to adopt a wide variety of additional elements covering subjects of particular interest to that jurisdiction such as recreation, urban design, or public facilities.

Most general plans consist of: (1) a written text discussing the community's goals, objectives, policies, and programs for the distribution of land use; and, (2) one or more diagrams or maps illustrating the general location of existing and future land uses. Figure 1 is an example of a general plan diagram.

Each local government chooses its own general plan format. The plan may be relatively short or long, one volume or ten volumes, depending upon local needs. Some communities, such as the City of San Jose, have combined the required elements into one document and most communities have adopted plans which consolidate the elements to some extent. State law requires that local governments make copies of their plans available to the public for the cost of reproduction.

Planning Issues

Although state law establishes a set of basic issues for consideration in local general plans, each city and county determines the relative importance of each issue to local planning and decides how they are to be addressed in the general plan. As a result, no two cities or counties have plans which are exactly alike in form or content. Here is a summary of the basic issues, by element: Approving the Plan

The process of adopting or amending a general plan encourages public participation. Cities and counties must hold public hearings for such proposals. Advance notice of the place and time of the hearing must be published in the newspaper or posted in the vicinity of the site proposed for change. Prior to approval, hearings will be held by the planning commission and the city council or board of supervisors.

Community and Specific Plans

"Community plans" and "specific plans" are often used by cities and counties to plan the future of a particular area at a finer level of detail than that provided by the general plan. A community plan is a portion of the local general plan focusing on the issues pertinent to a particular area or community within the city or county. It supplements the policies of the general plan.
Specific plans describe allowable land uses, identify open space, and detail infrastructure availability and financing for a portion of the community. Specific plans implement, but are not technically a part of the local general plan. In some jurisdictions, specific plans take the place of zoning. Zoning, subdivision, and public works decisions must be in accordance with the specific plan.

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ZONING


The general plan is a long-range look at the future of the community. A zoning ordinance is the local law that spells out the immediate, allowable uses for each piece of property within the community. In all counties, general law cities, and the city of Los Angeles, zoning must comply with the general plan.
The purpose of zoning is to implement the policies of the general plan.

Zones

Under the concept of zoning, various kinds of land uses are grouped into general categories or "zones" such as single-family residential, multi-family residential, neighborhood commercial, light industrial, agricultural, etc. A typical zoning ordinance describes 20 or more different zones which may be applied to land within the community. Each piece of property in the community is assigned a zone listing the kinds of uses that will be allowed on that land and setting standards such as minimum lot size, maximum building height, and minimum front yard depth. The distribution of residential, commercial, industrial, and other zones will be based on the pattern of land uses established in the community's general plan. Maps are used to keep track of the zoning for each piece of land.

Zoning is adopted by ordinance and carries the weight of local law. Land may be put only to those uses listed in the zone assigned to it. For example, if a commercial zone does not allow five-story office buildings, then no such building could be built on the lands which have been assigned that zone. A zoning ordinance has two parts: (1) a precise map or maps illustrating the distribution of zones within the community; and, (2) a text which both identifies the specific land uses allowed within each of those zones and sets forth development standards.

Rezoning

The particular zone determines the uses to which land may be put. If a landowner proposes a use that is not allowed in the zone, the city or county must approve a rezoning (change in zone) before development of that use can begin. The local planning commission and the city council or county board of supervisors must hold public hearings before property may be rezoned. The hearings must be advertised in advance. The council or board is not obligated to approve requests for rezoning and, except in charter cities, must deny such requests when the proposed zone conflicts with the general plan.

Overlay Zones

In addition to the zoning applied to each parcel of land, many cities and counties use "overlay zones" to further regulate development in areas of special concern. Lands in historic districts, downtowns, floodplains, near earthquake faults or on steep slopes are often subject to having additional regulations "overlain" upon the basic zoning requirements. For example, a lot that is within a single-family residential zone and also subject to a steep-slope overlay zone, must meet the requirements of both zones when it is developed.

Prezoning

Cities may "prezone" lands located within the surrounding county in the same way that they approve zoning. Prezoning is usually done before annexation of the land to the city in order to facilitate its transition into the city boundaries. Prezoning does not change the allowable uses of the land nor the development standards until such time as the site is officially annexed to the city. Likewise, land that has been prezoned continues to be subject to county zoning regulations until annexation is completed.

Variances

A variance is a limited waiver of development standards. The city or county may grant a variance in special cases where: (1) application of the zoning regulations would deprive property of the uses enjoyed by nearby, similarly zoned lands; and (2) restrictions have been imposed to ensure that the variance will not be a grant of special privilege. A city or county may not grant a variance that would permit a use that is not otherwise allowed in that zone (for example, a commercial use could not be approved in a residential zone by variance). Typically, variances are considered when the physical characteristics of the property make it difficult to develop. For instance, in a situation where the rear half of a lot is a steep slope, a variance might be approved to allow the house being built to be closer to the street than usually allowed. Variance requests require a public hearing and neighbors are given the opportunity to testify. The local hearing body then decides whether to approve or deny the variance.

Conditional Use Permits

Most zoning ordinances identify certain land uses which do not precisely fit into existing zones, but which may be allowed upon approval of a conditional use permit (sometimes called a special use permit or a CUP) at a public hearing. These might include community facilities (such as hospitals or schools), public buildings or grounds (such as fire stations or parks), temporary or hard-to-classify uses (such as Christmas tree sales or small engine repair), or land uses with potentially significant environmental impacts (hazardous chemical storage or building a house in a floodplain). The local zoning ordinance specifies those uses for which a conditional use permit may be requested, which zones they may be requested in, and the public hearing procedure. If the local planning commission or zoning board approves the use, it will usually do so subject to certain conditions being met by the permit applicant. Alternatively, it may deny uses which do not meet local standards.

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SUBDIVISIONS


In general, land cannot be divided in California without local government approval. Dividing land for sale, lease or financing is regulated by local ordinances based on the State Subdivision Map Act (commencing with Government Code Section 66410). The local general plan, zoning, subdivision, and other ordinances govern the design of the subdivision, the size of its lots, and the types of improvements (street construction, sewer lines, drainage facilities, etc.). In addition, the city or county may impose a variety of fees upon the subdivision, depending upon local and regional needs, such as school impact fees, park dedications, etc. Contact your local planning department for information on local requirements and procedures.

Subdivision Types

There are basically two types of subdivisions: parcel maps, which are limited to divisions resulting in fewer than five lots (with certain exceptions), and final map subdivisions (also called tract maps), which apply to divisions resulting in five or more lots. Applications for both types of subdivisions must be submitted to the local government for consideration in accordance with the local subdivision ordinance and the Subdivision Map Act.

Processing

Upon receiving an application for a subdivision map, the city or county staff will examine the design of the subdivision to ensure that it meets the requirements of the general plan, the zoning ordinance, and the subdivision ordinance. An environmental impact analysis must be prepared and a public hearing held prior to approval of a tentative tract map. Parcel maps may also be subject to a public hearing, depending upon the requirements of the local subdivision ordinance.

Final Approval

Approval of a subdivision map generally means that the subdivider will be responsible for installing improvements such as streets, drainage facilities or sewer lines to serve the subdivision. These improvements must be installed or secured by bond before the city or county will grant final approval of the map and allow the subdivision to be recorded in the county recorder's office. Lots within the subdivision cannot be sold until the map has been recorded. The subdivider has at least two years (and depending upon local ordinance, usually more) in which to comply with the improvement requirements, gain final administrative approval, and record the final map. Parcel map requirements may vary dependent upon local ordinance requirements.

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OTHER ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS


Cities and counties often adopt other ordinances besides zoning and subdivision to protect the general health, safety, and welfare of their inhabitants. Contact your local planning department for information on the particular ordinances in effect in your area. Common types include: flood protection, historic preservation, design review, hillside development control, growth management, impact fees, traffic management, and sign control.

Local ordinances may also be adopted in response to state requirements. Examples include: Local Coastal Programs (California Coastal Act); surface mining regulations (Surface Mining and Reclamation Act); earthquake hazard standards (Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Zone Act); and hazardous material disclosure requirements. These regulations are generally based on the applicable state law.

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ANNEXATION AND INCORPORATION


The LAFCO

Annexation (the addition of territory to an existing city) and incorporation (creation of a new city) are controlled by the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) established in each county by the state's Cortese-Knox Act (commencing with Government Code Section 56000). The commission is made up of elected officials from the county, cities, and, in some cases, special districts. LAFCO duties include: establishing the "spheres of influence" that designate the ultimate service areas of cities and special districts; studying and approving requests for city annexations; and, studying and approving proposals for city incorporations. Below is a very general discussion of annexation and incorporation procedures. For detailed information on this complex subject, contact your county LAFCO.

Annexation

When the LAFCO receives an annexation request, it will convene a hearing to determine the worthiness of the proposal and may deny or conditionally approve the request based on the policies of the LAFCO and state law. Annexation requests which receive tentative approval are delegated to the affected city for hearings and, if necessary, an election. Annexations which have been passed by vote of the inhabitants or which have not been defeated by protest (in cases where no election was required) must be certified by the LAFCO as to meeting all its conditions before they become final. It is the LAFCO, not the city, that is ultimately responsible for the annexation process.

Incorporation

When the formation of a new city is proposed, the LAFCO studies the economic feasibility of the proposed city, its impact on county and special districts, and the provision of public services. If the feasibility of the proposed city cannot be shown, the LAFCO can terminate the proceedings. If the proposed city appears to be feasible, LAFCO will refer the proposal to the county board of supervisors for hearing along with a set of conditions to be met upon to incorporation. If the supervisors do not receive protests from a majority of the involved voters, an election will be held to create the city and elect city officials.

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THE CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT (CEQA)


The California Environmental Quality Act (commencing with Public Resources Code Section 21000) requires local and state governments to consider the potential environmental effects of a project before deciding whether to approve it or not. CEQA's purpose is to disclose the potential impacts of a project, suggest methods to minimize those impacts, and discuss alternatives to the project so that decision makers will have full information upon which to base their decision. CEQA is a complex law with a great deal of subtlety and local variation.

The following discussion is extremely general. The basic requirements and administrative framework for local governments' CEQA responsibilities are described in the California Environmental Quality Act: Law and Guidelines. For more information, readers should contact their local planning department or refer to the CEQA listings in the bibliography.

Lead Agency

The "lead agency" is responsible for seeing that environmental review is done in accordance with CEQA and that environmental analyses are prepared when necessary. The agency with the principal responsibility for issuing permits to a project (or for carrying out the project) is deemed to be the "lead agency". As lead agency, it may prepare the environmental analysis itself or it may contract for the work to be done under its direction. In practically all local planning matters (such as rezoning, conditional use permits, and specific plans) the planning department is the lead agency.

Analysis

Analyzing a project's potential environmental effect is a multistep process. Many minor projects are exempt from the CEQA requirements. These include single-family homes, remodeling, accessory structures, and some lot divisions (for a complete list refer to California Environmental Quality Act: Law and Guidelines). No environmental review is required when a project is exempt from CEQA.

When a project is subject to review under CEQA, the lead agency prepares an "initial study" to assess the potential adverse physical impacts of the proposal. When the project will not cause a "significant" impact on the environment or when it has been revised to eliminate all such impacts, a "negative declaration" is prepared. The negative declaration describes why the project will not have a significant impact and may require that the project incorporate a number of measures ensuring that there will be no such impact. If significant environmental effects are identified, then an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) must be written before the project can be considered by decision makers.

The EIR

An EIR discusses the proposed project, its environmental setting, its probable impacts, realistic means of reducing or eliminating those impacts, its cumulative effects, and alternatives to the project. CEQA requires that Negative Declarations and EIRs be made available for review by the public and other agencies prior to consideration of the project. The review period allows concerned citizens and agencies to comment on the completeness and adequacy of the environmental review prior to its completion. When the decision making body (the city council, board of supervisors, or other board or commission) approves a project, it must certify the adequacy of the environmental review. If its decision to approve a project will result in unavoidable significant impacts, the decision making body must state, in writing, its overriding reasons for granting the approval and how the impacts are to be addressed.

An EIR is an informational document. It does not, in itself, approve or deny a project. Environmental analysis must be done as early as possible in the process of considering a project and must address the entire project. There are several different types of EIRs that may be prepared, depending upon the project. They are described in the California Environmental Quality Act: Law and Guidelines written by the Governor's Office of Planning and Research and the Resources Agency.

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Glossary


These are some commonly used planning terms. This list includes several terms that are not discussed in this booklet.
Board of Supervisors
A county's legislative body. Board members are elected by popular vote and are responsible for enacting ordinances, imposing taxes, making appropriations, and establishing county policy. The board adopts the general plan, zoning, and subdivision regulations.

CEQA
The California Environmental Quality Act (commencing with Public Resources Code Section 21000). In general, CEQA requires that all private and public projects be reviewed prior to approval for their potential adverse effects upon the environment.

Charter City
A city which has been incorporated under its own charter rather than under the general laws of the state. Charter cities have broader powers to enact land use regulations than do general law cities.

City Council
A city's legislative body. The popularly elected city council is responsible for enacting ordinances, imposing taxes, making appropriations, establishing policy, and hiring some city officials. The council adopts the local general plan, zoning, and subdivision ordinance.

COG
Council of Governments. There are 25 COGs in California made up of elected officials from member cities and counties. COGs are regional agencies concerned primarily with transportation planning and housing; they do not directly regulate land use.

Community Plan
A portion of the local general plan that focuses on a particular area or community within the city or county. Community plans supplement the policies of the general plan.

Conditional Use Permit
Pursuant to the zoning ordinance, a conditional use permit (CUP) may authorize uses not routinely allowed on a particular site. CUPs require a public hearing and if approval is granted, are usually subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions by the developer. Approval of a CUP is not a change in zoning.

Density Bonus
An increase in the allowable number of residences granted by the city or county in return for the project's providing low- or moderate-income housing (see Government Code Section 65915).

Design Review Committee
A group appointed by the city council to consider the design and aesthetics of development within design review zoning districts.

Development Fees
Fees charged to developers or builders as a prerequisite to construction or development approval. The most common are: (1) impact fees (such as parkland acquisition fees, school facilities fees, or street construction fees) related to funding public improvements which are necessitated in part or in whole by the development; (2) connection fees (such as water line fees) to cover the cost of installing public services to the development; (3) permit fees (such as building permits, grading permits, sign permits) for the administrative costs of processing development plans; and, (4) application fees (rezoning, CUP, variance, etc.) for the administrative costs of reviewing and hearing development proposals.

Downzone
This term refers to the rezoning of land to a more restrictive zone (for example, from multi-family residential to single-family residential or from residential to agricultural).

EIR
Environmental Impact Report. A detailed review of a proposed project, its potential adverse impacts upon the environment, measures that may avoid or reduce those impacts, and alternatives to the project.

Final Map Subdivision
Final map subdivisions (also called tract maps or major subdivisions) are land divisions which create five or more lots. They must be consistent with the general plan and are generally subject to stricter requirements than parcel maps. Such requirements may include installing road improvements, the construction of drainage and sewer facilities, parkland dedications, and more.

Floor Area Ratio
Abbreviated as FAR, this is a measure of development intensity. FAR is the ratio of the amount of floor area of a building to the amount of area of its site. For instance, a one-story building that covers an entire lot has an FAR of 1. Similarly, a one-story building that covers 1/2 of a lot has an FAR of 1/2.

General Law City
A city incorporated under and run in accordance with the general laws of the state.

General Plan
A statement of policies, including text and diagrams setting forth objectives, principles, standards, and plan proposals, for the future physical development of the city or county (see Government Code Sections 65300 et seq.).

"Granny" Housing
Typically, this refers to a second dwelling attached to or separate from the main residence that houses one or more elderly persons. California Government Code 65852.1 enables cities and counties to approve such units in single-family neighborhoods.

Impact Fees
See Development Fees.

Infrastructure
A general term describing public and quasi-public utilities and facilities such as roads, bridges, sewers and sewer plants, water lines, power lines, fire stations, etc.

Initial Study
Pursuant to CEQA, an analysis of a project's potential environmental effects and their relative significance. An initial study is preliminary to deciding whether to prepare a negative declaration or an EIR.

Initiative
A ballot measure which has been placed on the election ballot as a result of voter signatures and which addresses a legislative action. At the local level, initiatives usually focus on changes or additions to the general plan and zoning ordinance. The right to initiative is guaranteed by the California Constitution.

LAFCO
Local Agency Formation Commission. The Cortese-Knox Act (commencing with Government Code Section 56000) establishes a LAFCO made up of elected officials of the county, cities, and, in some cases, special districts in each county. LAFCOs establish spheres of influence for all the cities and special districts within the county. They also administer incorporation and annexation proposals.

Mitigation Measure
The California Environmental Quality Act requires that when an environmental impact or potential impact is identified, measures must be proposed that will eliminate, avoid, rectify, compensate for or reduce those environmental effects.

Negative Declaration
When a project is not exempt from CEQA and will not have a significant effect upon the environment a negative declaration must be written. The negative declaration is an informational document that describes the reasons why the project will not have a significant effect and proposes measures to mitigate or avoid any possible effects.

Overlay Zone
A set of zoning requirements that is superimposed upon a base zone. Overlay zones are generally used when a particular area requires special protection (as in a historic preservation district) or has a special problem (such as steep slopes, flooding or earthquake faults). Development of land subject to overlay zoning requires compliance with the regulations of both the base and overlay zones.

Parcel Map
A minor subdivision resulting in fewer than five lots. The city or county may approve a parcel map when it meets the requirements of the general plan and all applicable ordinances. The regulations governing the filing and processing of parcel maps are found in the state Subdivision Map Act and the local subdivision ordinance.

Planned Unit Development (PUD)
Land use zoning which allows the adoption of a set of development standards that are specific to the particular project being proposed. PUD zones usually do not contain detailed development standards; these are established during the pro- cess of considering the proposals and adopted by ordinance if the project is approved.

Planning Commission
A group of residents appointed by the city council or board of supervisors to consider land use planning matters. The commission's duties and powers are established by the local legislative body and might include hearing proposals to amend the general plan or rezone land, initiating planning studies (road alignments, identification of seismic hazards, etc.), and taking action on proposed subdivisions.

Referendum
A ballot measure challenging a legislative action by the city council or county board of supervisors. Referenda petitions must be filed before the action becomes final and may lead to an election on the matter. The California Constitution guarantees the right to referendum.

School Impact Fees
Proposition 13 put a limit on property taxes and thereby limited the main source of funding for new school facilities. California law allows school districts to impose fees on new developments to offset their impacts of area schools.

Setback
A minimum distance required by zoning to be maintained between two structures or between a structure and property lines.

Specific Plan
A plan addressing land use distribution, open space availability, infrastructure, and infrastructure financing for a portion of the community. Specific plans put the provisions of the local general plan into action (see Government Code Sections 65450 et seq.).

Tentative Map
The map or drawing illustrating a subdivision proposal. The city or county will approve or deny the proposed subdivision based upon the design depicted by the tentative map. A subdivision is not complete until the conditions of approval imposed upon the tentative map have been satisfied and a final map has been certified by the city or county and recorded with the county recorder.

Tract Map
See final map subdivision.

Transportation Systems Management (TSM)
A transportation plan that coordinates many forms of transportation (car, bus, carpool, rapid transit, bicycle, walking, etc.) in order to distribute the traffic impacts of new development. Rather than emphasizing road expansion or construction (as does traditional transportation planning), TSM examines methods of increasing the efficiency of road use.

Variance
A limited waiver from the requirements of the zoning ordinance. Variance requests are subject to public hearing, usually before a zoning administrator or board of zoning adjustment. Variances may only be granted under special circumstances.

Zoning
Local codes regulating the use and development of property. The zoning ordinance divides the city or county into land use districts or "zones", represented on zoning maps, and specifies the allowable uses within each of those zones. It establishes development standards such as minimum lot size, maximum height of structures, building setbacks, and yard size.

Zoning Adjustment Board
A group appointed by the local legislative body to consider minor zoning adjustments such as conditional use permits and variances. It is empowered to conduct public hearings and to impose conditions of approval. Its decisions may be appealed to the local legislative body.

Zoning Administrator
A planning department staff member responsible for hearing minor zoning permits. Typically, the zoning administrator considers variances and conditional use permits and may interpret the provisions of the zoning ordinance when questions arise. His/her decision may be appealed to the local legislative body.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY: A FEW GOOD BOOKS


The reader is encouraged to refer to the following books for a better understanding of planning in California.

Alternative Techniques for Controlling Land Use: A Guide to Small Cities and Rural Areas in California, by Irving Schiffman (University Center for Economic Development and Planning, California State University, Chico) 1982, revised1989. This book discusses, in detail, concepts such as hillside development standards, planned unit development, and specific plans.

California Environmental Quality Act: Statutes and Guidelines (Governor's Office of Planning and Research, Sacramento, California) 1996, 301 pp. The CEQA Guidelines describe the requirements for evaluating environmental impacts. Out of Print, check in the government documents section of your local library.

California Land Use and Planning Law, by Daniel J. Curtin Jr., (Solano Press, Pt. Arena, California) revised annually. A look at the planning, zoning, subdivision, and environmental quality laws that is illustrated by references to numerous court cases.

The General Plan Guidelines (Governor's Office of Planning and Research, Sacramento, California) 1987, 368 pp. The Guidelines discuss local planning activities and how to write or revise a general plan.

Guide to California Government, (League of Women Voters of California, Sacramento, California) 13th Edition, 1986, 167 pp. An excellent summary of the processes of local and state government.

Guide to the Cortese/Knox Local Government Reorganization Act of 1985, by the Assembly Local Government Committee (Joint Publications Office, Sacramento, California),1985, 228 pp. A compilation of the law that authorizes annexations and other local government reorganizations. It contains a flowchart illustrating the annexation process.

Planning Commission Handbook (League of California Cities, Sacramento, California) 1984. A well-written overview of the role of the planning commission and California planning law.

Subdivision Map Act Manual, by Daniel J. Curtin, Jr., (Solano Press, Pt. Arena, California), revised annually. A practitioner's guide to the Map Act, including pertinent legal precedents.

Your Guide to Open Meetings, The Ralph M. Brown Act, by the Senate Local Government Committee (Joint Publications Office, Sacramento, California), 1989. An easy to read explanation of the state's open meeting laws and the responsibilities of local government with regard to public meetings.

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